The Effects Of Alcohol And Substance Abuse - 2233 Words

Introduction Alcohol and drug consumptions are the biggest issues that the country has. In the 2013 National survey on drug use and health, more than 70% of the people are either full-time or part-time employee. Further, 60% of the drug produced worldwide are consumed by the employee in the USA. The money spent on health care, accidental injuries, productivity loss is very high. The most of the adults with alcohol and substance abuses are the full-time employee. Employees with substance dependency and alcohol addiction increase the medical expenses related to injuries and poor health. The rate of absenteeism is greater than non-substance abuse and non-alcohol employees. The productivity and quality of the work are highly affected. The four major areas of concern in the workplace is attendance, productivity, safety and employee relationship (Elliott Shelley, 2006). Employees consuming alcohol and substance abuses are mostly full-time employee of all levels of management. Alcohol and substance abuse employees cause low productivity, increases health care expenses, work injuries, absenteeism and tardiness, and waste supplies and material due to poor decision-making (Garcia, 1996; Levy Merrick, Volpe-Vartanian et al., 2007). An employee who is addicted to the alcohol and substance abuse does the job to meet the minimum requirement, in order, to sustain their job and to get their paycheck. But from the organizational point of view, the overall productivity is highlyShow MoreRelatedPregnancy: the Effects of Alcohol and Substance Abuse on Fetal Development4521 Words   |  19 PagesPregnancy: The Effects of Alcohol and Substance Abuse on Fetal Development Natalie Fontanella Liberty University Online Abstract This paper examined the effects of alcohol and substance abuse on fetal development in expecting mothers. The critical periods of fetal development during pregnancy are reviewed and discussed in order to determine the effects alcohol and substance can cause during certain stages. In order to gain a more efficient understanding of the effects different substances can haveRead MorePersuasive Essay On Drug Abuse1228 Words   |  5 PagesToday, drug abuse has become a controversial subject where various individuals have different views. Substance abuse is a substantial dilemma among people and easily spread in schools, work environments, and even in homes. Drug abuse starts in utterly reasons, but can begin in adolescence with peer pressure or friends using them, family environment that has violent, physical, or emotional abuse, and inherited genetics with mental health conditions as depression, anxiety, or ADHD (National InstituteRead MoreHow Substance Abuse Negatively Affects The Ba by While During1328 Words   |  6 PagesHow substance abuse negatively affects the baby while during a woman’s pregnancy. Many women across the world cause complications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into whyRead MoreThe Effects Of Substance Abuse On Children1364 Words   |  6 Pagesare 50% more likely to abuse substances (Promises Treatment Center). Bullying is the act of physical or verbal tormenting over a set amount of time, usually targeted at one person or a group of people. Bullying is an international issue that ruins the victim s emotional well-being. Those who are victims of bullying can turn to drugs or other substances as a form of coping; people who bully can be shown to have abusive tendencies with these substances as well. Substance abuse is defined as being dep endentRead MoreThe Psychological Effects Of Adolescent Substance Abuse1469 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent substance abuse is one of the largest issues faced by our society today. According to Teenrehab.com, nearly 50% of all high school seniors have abused some form of illicit substance and according to National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism nearly 70% of 18 year olds have at the least tried alcohol. Many more adolescents are trying, and getting addicted to, drugs every year. In my opinion this is one of the most critical issues that we have to address as a society. Summary Response:Read MoreAlcohol Abuse and Alcohol Anonimus Essay708 Words   |  3 PagesAlcohol Abuse is part of disorder that affects many people throughout the world. Many are aware of the issues the disorder can bring not just on the victim, but also to the people that surround the person with the psychological problem. There are different areas that can be discussed in regards to alcoholism. According to Coon Mitterer (2013), a substance abuse disorder is when there is an abuse or dependence on a psychoactive drug. Alcohol is a substance that can become abusive and bring negativeRead MoreMany Women Across The World Cause Complications To Their1657 Words   |  7 Pagesacross the world cause complications to their unborn child when they choose to abuse substance. There are many types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and sho rt term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into why women abuse, substance such as stress, depression, and mental issues. More treatment and pre-educationRead MoreThe Abuse Of Drugs And Alcohol1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe abuse of drugs and alcohol has been a known issue over past decades. The media paints the picture that alcohol and drug use is fun and the only way to have a good time. While alcohol in moderation is fine, many people find themselves going over board and abusing it. Elicit drugs like cocaine and heroin are highly addictive and have several adverse effects. People find themselves depressed and anxious so they ultimately try to use these drugs to mask the pain instead of getting help for theirRead MoreThe Effects Of Drugs On The Human Body1158 Words   |  5 Pagesit became a nation. The abuse of substances has become more and more common on this society, that now thinking about legalizing one of its illicit drugs is a m ain political topic. Even though the United States has become a war on drugs country, many people in its society are still being affected. Out of all the substances that are being abuse in this country, there are three that outstand the rest. The three substances that are being abuse the most in our society are alcohol, marijuana, and methamphetamineRead MoreSubstance Abuse Within Correctional Setting978 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance Abuse in Correctional Setting Assessment psychology has examined individuals who are criminal offenders who were evaluated to determine their personalities to which they have a long history with. Approximately well over a century ago, Mà ¼nsterberg, 1908, Vaccaro Hogan, 2004 who are all psychologists has managed a improved study on criminal offenders that will allow us all to have an ambiguous understanding of how the process of his research in reference to the criminal

Film Analysis of American Beauty and the Graduate Essay

Jessica Burns 309164 Jmbf6b@mail.missouri.edu Film Studies 1800 Sequence Analysis/ Assignment No. 2 American Beauty -From when Carolyn arrives home until the end of the scene with Lester in their living room (Chapter 19: 1:14:35–1:17:40) The movie â€Å"American Beauty† literally is trying to express how much beauty there is in America but it is not always so easy to see. Often in the film objects normally thought of as ordinary are magnified to express deeper meaning and show what beauty really exists in the world. The color red, for instance, is an ordinary color but it shows its face numerous times throughout the movie. The color is not just ordinary it is significant, as it represents love, passion, and†¦show more content†¦In an instant the moment ends when Lester almost ruins her precious couch. Carolyn returns to being uptight and materialistic and Lester to being angry. He becomes so angry with her because she has let material things be her life. This shows how important love, passion, and happiness in life is, what it is really about, and how hard it is to maintain all in only a few short minutes. The cinematography in the film does a wonderful job conveying the genuine meaning behind t he sequence as well. The camera is placed far from the actors at the beginning of the scene and becomes closer and closer as the desire between Lester and Carolyn grows. When Carolyn relapses and becomes upset about the couch almost getting ruined the camera goes out again and the actors are surrounded by all of the material items in the room. In that frame it is clear that the more intimate, close up scene was more tasteful to see than the angry room full of expensive furniture. Through this sequence the viewer should be able to understand the social issue addressed; that today Americans ignore the raw, pure beauty in the world and instead are obsessed with the amount of objects that they can own. Natural beauty is disappearing, while store bought beauty is growing. In time this will destroy true happiness. The film is touching the viewer’s heart and mise-en-scene and cinematography do a wonderful job at exposing the actualityShow MoreRelatedAmerican Journalist, Editor For N ews Of The New York Times962 Words   |  4 Pages American journalist, editor for news of The New York Times, and Harvard graduate Susan Chira (author’s background) uncovers society’s stagnant opinion of unwed motherhood being deviant and unacceptable, as portrayed in movies (content). Chira states that from the 1930’s to the 1950’s unwed motherhood was a disgrace, and films depicted it as such. This stigma remains today, even when unwed motherhood is a conscious decision, society views it as a bad one. Movie plots have not shifted from a motherRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay1359 Words   |  6 Pagestranslated to in a way where we are able to analyze media in all it’s shapes and forms. Psychoanalytic media analysis argues that literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the characters within a movie, and the literary work is a manifestation of the Id, Super-Ego, and Ego. The text t hat I will analyze using the psychoanalytic media theory will be the film The Great Gatsby, originally a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. I will be using Freud’s primary psychoanalyticRead MoreThe American Dream1808 Words   |  8 PagesAn idea that individuals in America have been provided with equal opportunities to grow and pursue their happiness regardless of their economic and social status is the crux of an American Dream, an aspect that has been applied for a long period to define the nation’s psyche. When referring to the American Dream, individuals tend to believe that it relates to having better opportunities to achieve material prosperity, living a comfortable lifestyle, enjoying the nature of the landscape, and livingRead MoreWalt Disney s Influence On1942 Words   |  8 PagesBird Sean Skokan Cleveland State University Outline 1) Introduction- Introduces reader to Brad Bird, his films, and Disney s influence on both his work and his life. 2) Body Disney Protagonists- Demonstrates how Disney protagonists, specifically females, are depicted in films through several studies. Brad Bird s Protagonists- Examines how protagonists are displayed in Brad Bird s films and compares them to previously established masculine and feminine qualities that have resulted from theseRead MoreFear and Trembling Film Anaysis1549 Words   |  7 PagesFear and Trembling Film Analysis Paul Regallis Intercultural Communication 35852 Dr. Mei-Chen Lin November 28, 2007 Abstract The movie Fear and Trembling shows many examples of intercultural communication. Amà ©lie, one of the main characters in the movie, encounters different kinds of intercultural adaption difficulties. A few examples of these are making friends, cultural knowledge and appreciation and pressure to conform. Some of Amà ©lies experiences have her going through some aspectsRead MorePhotoshop in Business and Society1502 Words   |  6 Pageslimited to media or photography. Photoshop has a brief history since it has only been around for almost three decades. At the end of the 1980s, it was beginning to be developed as a way of procrastination by Thomas Knoll, a University of Michigan graduate student and doctoral candidate in computer vision. Knoll was trying to write programming code to display gray-scale computer images on a black-and-white bitmap monitor as told by Jeff Schewe in his PEI magazine story The Birth of a Killer Application:Read MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pages. 31 Literature (American) ........................................................................................................... 33 Literature (English and American) ....................................................................................... 35 Literature (Medieval) ............................................................................................................ 36 Ohio Wesleyan University Writing Center  © 2011 IV. Arts (Fine Arts, Music, Film, Theatre, and Dance)Read MoreDisney, Racism, And The Renaissance Era2978 Words   |  12 Pages the company has now become a world-wide phenomenon, diversifying its company into live-action film production, television, and theme parks. It surrounds us every day, in almost every way possible. More importantly however, the Disney industry is known to people world-wide as being one of the top leaders in children’s popular films and subsequently, storybooks. The countless movies and short films made over the years have not only provided joy and happiness to families and young children, butRead MoreANTH 1120 Midterm Exam Review2818 Words   |  12 Pagesimpossible to make moral judgements about the beliefs and behaviours of members of other cultures. Armchair Anthropology: An approach to the study of various societies that dominated anthropology in the late 1800s. It involved the collection, study, and analysis of the writings of missionaries, explorers, and colonists who had sustained contact with non-Western peoples. Armchair anthropologists used these documents to make comparisons and generalisations about the ways of life of various groups. ParticipantRead MoreEssay about Gendered Media9688 Words   |  39 Pageswhite men as women (Basow, 1992 p. 159), or children’s programming, in which males outnumber females by two to one, or newscasts, in which women make up 16% of newscasters and in which stories about men are included 10 MEDIA’S MISREPRESENTATION OF AMERICAN LIFE The media present a distorted version of cultural life in our country. According to media portrayals: White males make up two-thirds of the population. The women are less in number, perhaps because fewer than 10% live beyond 35. Those who

My Migrant Father Essay Example For Students

My Migrant Father Essay Twelve years ago on March 21, 2001, a thirty-two year old; dark skin, youthful, optimistic Haitian male and his three children exited an American Airlines flight at Fort Lauderdale International airport. He walked out of the airlines holding onto the thoughts of endless opportunities in the â€Å"Great Nation† he had migrated to. What he sought was the American Dream- the dream to become rich and to live a comfortable lifestyle in the U. S while sending money back to his wife in Haiti. The hopes of endless opportunities lead him to quit his job as a police chief in the small Haitian town of Port-de-Paix, leaving his wife and family members behind. Uprooting his nine and four year old daughters along with his two year old son to move from all of which they knew, to the foreign city of Miami, Florida. Only to end up losing sight of his Dreams, he struggled working multiple dead end jobs at a time moving from house to house, seeking help from other family members, and going in and out of college but never finishing. For him the American Dream was a constant struggle. Ironically, he once said to me â€Å"I struggled more here than I did living in Haiti. At the time I thought it was laughable, Haiti a developing nation with more than half the population living in poverty compared to the U. S, well really there was no comparison in my mind. I realized as an immigrant with three children he had to start all over from scratch. Being a police chief and a College Graduate in Haiti meant nothing. His degree was useless in the U. S. I recall him once saying to me â€Å"Pa fe menm jan ak mwen†- translated into English means â€Å"Don’t be like me† in our native language (Haitian Creole). Growing up I never really understood those words until February of my freshman year in high school. The first time I had cause my father’s disappoint. I joined the college prep program IB (International Baccalaureate) and my grades began to go down the drain. They sent a notice to my house, stating my GPA of a 2. 3 at the time and the chance that I may be removed from the program. His disappoint caused me to step up and work harder in school to earn better grades, I wanted to be the daughter that he could brag to all of our family members about. He came here with me so I could get a good education, so I could be a doctor, lawyer, or an engineer, not to be a failure. What was the point of his struggles if he or his children didn’t become successful in the United States? My Dad is the most influential person in my life, he encourages me to do and be more in life. To not have to struggle the way he did. He came to the United States to give me and my two other siblings something we couldn’t get in Haiti â€Å"endless possibilities†. And as we grow older it is our decision whether we will take the opportunity that he has given us. My American Dream is to end my father’s struggles, to show him that all the sacrifices he made were not done in vain.

Japanese Communication Styles Essay Example

Japanese Communication Styles Essay Japanese Communication Styles Japanese communication patterns and styles can be confusing to Westerners. Americans are used to straight talk. Americans make great efforts to convey the exact intent of their message. Japanese interlocutors tend to use words as only part of the message they are trying to communicate. Other factors, such as silence, subtle body language, mood, tone, and intuition imply communication styles. I would like to explore the aspects of communication styles in terms of (1) body language and physical behavior, (2) silence, (3) eye contact and (4) saving face. It is often pointed out that throughout the long history of Japan; the Japanese have cultivated their unique communication styles which are based on their high-context, collectivistic and almost homogeneous society (Ishii et al. , 1996). The Japanese are reported to be reserved, cautious, evasive, silent, and ambiguous (Barnlund, 1975), placing an emphasis on not hurting others and keeping harmonious relations with each other. This emphasis on harmony has helped to mold a society where the ability to assimilate differences and to engineer consensus is valued above a talent for argument (Barnlund, 1989). In this communication-passive society of Japan, modesty, humility, and suppression of self are considered to be moral ideals (Okabe, 1983), and people are rather reluctant to disclose their true feelings (Barnlund, 1975). Body Language and Physical Behavior Body motion, as a whole, is more reserved in Japan than in the West. The Japanese predisposition for well chosen delicate gestures is born from necessity, for 125 million people live on these small mountainous islands. Japanese living quarters and public places are usually overcrowded. People must share space continuously at ome, work, and play. We will write a custom essay sample on Japanese Communication Styles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Japanese Communication Styles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Japanese Communication Styles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is very easy to physically violate another persons space, so the Japanese do all they can to avoid it. They are raised to detest pushy and argumentative behavior in public. To avoid such unpleasant exchanges, people tend to keep their hands, feet, elbows, and knees closer to their frame. Being polite, reserved and aware of ones own and other peoples body movements, is an essential part of being Japanese. A code of physical behavior seems to exist almost everywhere in Japan. People generally do not talk loudly, touch each other unless forced to by vercrowding, or make other disturbances in places traditionally considered public. People keep to themselves when among strangers. Yet even among friends, there are always subtle codes of behavior to consider, a code for what you can and can not do with your hands and feet. Hand gestures are plentiful and useful, especially when you want to relay a message without drawing the attention of those around you. In the office, hand signs can invite someone to a drink or meal, tell others the boss is angry or has a girlfriend, or simply explain that youve Just been fired. In all these examples the hand gestures would be different from those used in the West. One of the most common communication styles that non-Japanese people are familiar with is bowing. Bowing (oJigi) is a very important custom in Japan. Japanese people bow all the time. Most commonly, they greet each other by bowing instead of handshaking. It is impolite not to return a bow to whoever bowed to you. Japanese people tend to become uncomfortable with any physical forms of contact. But, they have become used to shaking hands with westerners. Bowing has many functions in one. It expresses the eeling of respect, thanking, apologizing, greeting, and so on. Japanese people bow, when they say, thank you, sorry, hello, good bye, congratulations, excuse me, good night and good morning. Bowing seems simple, but there are different ways of bowing. It depends on the social status or age of the person you bow to. If the person is higher status or older than you are, you should bow deeper and longer. It is polite to bow, bending from your waist. Men usually keep their hands at their sides, and women usually put their hands together on their thighs with their fingers touching. If it is a casual situation, you can bow like nodding. The most frequent bow is a bow of about fifteen degrees. Bowing is also an important part of the Japanese tea ceremony. Silence The use of silence in communication is not an exclusively Japanese phenomenon and all languages make extensive use of it. In Japan, however, it is a particularly important part of the language. While we in the West have programmed ourselves to listen for hidden meaning in a Jumble of words and try to read between the lines. Japanese people listen to the silences, for hidden innuendo and deeper meaning, as f reading between the words. Just as the white space on the paper in Japanese graphics is an important part of the design, spoken Japanese flows among the silent spaces. Silence speaks loudly and clearly to the Japanese. There are many examples in Japanese culture where silence expresses meaning with great force or subliminal elegance. The Japanese tend to be suspicious of words; they are more concerned with actions. They believe in using silence as a way of communicating. They also believe it is better to talk too little than too much. Japanese people take special note of the pauses between words. They are comfortable with less talk and longer periods of silence than are Westerners. Japanese may even use the fact that silence disturbs Westerners as a strategy to unnerve them. In the United States speakers may use silence to draw the listener in, to slow down the flow of events, or encourage the other person to pay attention while they Justify or explain something (Riesman Riesman 1987). In the Japan however, silence may be a polite acknowledgment of failure or inability. This technique is common amongst students who often assume there is only one specific way to answer, as is customary in test-oriented Japanese ducation. Silence signals to the teacher to move on to the next student, maintaining the flow and harmony within the classroom. Eye Contact In most cultures especially Western culture, it is considered rude to not look at the person who is speaking to you. We are taught to look people in the eye at all times and avoiding eye contact is usually associated with being dishonest or uninterested. In Japan it is considered rude or even aggressive to hold the gaze of another person. Japanese people usually look at the other persons neck or focus on something such s their tie knot or other parts of the face such as the eyebrows or the mouth. It is less offensive to look at a persons eyes and then look away or down before looking at their eyes again. The avoidance of eye contact can limit social interactions with non- Japanese persons who would probably assume that that person is being rude when they are actually practicing a form of communication etiquette. Saving Face Being accurate is very important to Japanese people because it saves face. When the Japanese make mistakes/errors it is very unacceptable. Most Japanese people do ot like being put in a position where they have to admit to a failure or mistake, because doing so means losing face and it is very serious to them (http:// www. rikkinyman. com/training/]apanese culture/communication. htm). Many are hesitant to admit that they dont understand something. Japanese people tend to avoid the word no for all practical purposes; it doesnt exist. They believe that no person should be publicly humiliated or embarrassed. This saves face or avoids marring that persons image. Saying no or directly showing displeasure or disappointment risks humiliating the other person and they must be avoided. The Japanese have created ways of saying no without humiliating the other party (http:// www. rikkinyman. com/training/]apanese culture/communication. htm). Some examples of how to tell another person no is: asking a question, saying they dont understand, changing the subject, or claiming they have no authority to answer at the time. When a Japanese person is criticized they take it as a personal offense and it also is considered losing face. Many Japanese do not understand how Western cultures accept or separate behavioral criticism from personal criticism. Conclusion There are many important differences between Western culture and that of the Japanese people. These important differences show how important it is for people to be aware of other cultures and how they interact and communicate with each other. After learning about Japan and their communication styles, I see how easy it can be for people to misunderstand and stereotype others based on what they dont know. Etiquette and manners are important and required in Japan. In our culture it is rare for people to uphold the dignity of others the same way they would for themselves. It s important for Japanese people to adhere to their communicative styles because there is some correlation between the way they communicate and how they live. Without their conversational rules their communities would be chaotic based on their vast population. Japanese people are subtle with words and body gestures and have maintained their cultural communication styles despite Western influence through globalization and technology. References 1 http://www. rikkinyman. com/training/]apanese_culture/communication. htm 2. http://www. danin]apan. com 3. ) Barnlund, D. C. (1975). Public an d Private Self in Japan an d the United States. Tokyo. The Simul Press. 4. ) Barnlund, D. C. (1989). Communicative Styles of Japanese an d Americans: Images and Realities. CA. Wadsworth Publishing Company. 5. ) Ishii, S. et al. Intercultural Communication (1996). Tokyo: Yuhikaku. 6. ) Riesman Riesman. Conversations in Japan (1987). Basic Books, Inc. , Publishers: New York. 7. ) Okabe, R . (1983). Cultural Assumptions of East and West: Japan and the United In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed. ) Intercultural Communication Theory: Current States, Publications. Perspectives. CA: Sage

Iraq analyze essays

Iraq analyze essays Two weeks have passed since the coalition granted sovereignty to Iraq. Paul Bremer, Americas ex-proconsul in Iraq, left without plans to return because of the immense number of threats he received while in office. Now, Iyad Allawi is in charge as both Prime Minister and as president. Allawi will remain in power until January when the Iraqi people will have the chance to elect a government of their own by means of a democratic election. Congress has promised 18.4 billion for the reconstruction. However, last week the Supreme Court, on referring to the promise, said A state of war is not a blank cheque for the president when it comes to the rights of the nations citizens. The handover of Iraq to the Iraqi people is partial. To begin with, 140,000 American soldiers are still on Iraqi soil and America has not yet agreed on handing over the Iraqi prisoners. Tom Rowan, a 24-year-old student of politics thinks what George Bush is doing is illegal. Pete Walters, with 45 and working as a bookman stated What can Iraq, with all the problems, simply receive 1.8 billion dollars? In Saddam Husseins regime lacked a judicial branch; if America wants to establish a solid democracy in the following years, the army cannot have control over the legal system: an independent branch from the executive not the army - must adjudicate the trials. This handover in a few days is partly symbolic, partly legal, partly substantive. It would plainly be misleading to call it total. But most of all it marks a psychological moment, argues a journalist for The Economist. Moreover, Peter Smith, a tainted red head cashier at the Seven Eleven, said Im am patriot, our boys need 1.8 b illions and more, tell you what, if you want to be a real patriot I say, hand every thing you can. But is this amount not enough for our men? Jacob Rise said, lets just get o...

Relative Clause ESL Lesson for Specific Purposes

Relative Clause ESL Lesson for Specific Purposes Relative clauses are used to describe the noun naming the process or position when discussing tasks that need to be completed, or explaining how certain things work. The ability to use relative clauses easily is important to all English learners, but perhaps even more important to those wanting to use English in their workplaces. For example, salespeople need to explain and define anything relating to the use of the goods or services being sold. The Instaplug is a device that allows you to use any type of outlet throughout the world.Our Ontime Service is a type of consulting which allows you to access consulting services 24/7.The Sansolat Tile is a roofing tile which reflects sunlight in order to keep air conditioning costs down. Another example would be of the use of relative clauses to describe people at work: Youll need to speak to Mr. Adams who is ​in  charge of vacation and sick leave requests.Jack Wanders is the union organizer who represents this region.We need consultants who can travel anywhere on 24-hour notice. This lesson plan focuses on helping students learn to use relative clauses to discuss important issues at work such as who works with them, various types of work and workplaces, as well as describing goods or services manufactured or provided by their employer. Aim Building confidence in using relative clauses to describe goods, services, personnel and other related workplace situations. Activity Sentence matching, followed by guided writing exercise Level Intermediate to advanced English for Specific Purposes learners Outline Introduce students to the topic of using relative clauses by asking a few questions such as:How would you describe a blue collar worker?Whats full time work?Who is a consultant?What is a computer lab?These questions should elicit a number of responses, hopefully a few with competent use of relative clauses. Make sure to rephrase student answers throughout using relative clauses to help inductively introduce the idea of relative clause use. For example:Oh, full time work is a type of work which takes place for at least 40 hours a week.Good, yes, a consultant is someone who provides services and advice to a company on a contractual basis. etc.Once you have completed this warm-up, write four sentences on the board. Use one sentence with a relative clause referring a person with that and one with who. The other two sentences should refer to things; one beginning with that and the other with which. Ask students to point out these differences and explain why which or who is used, as well a s what. As far as is possible, try to coax the students into inductively stating the rules for relative clause use. Ask students to complete the sentences in the exercise below by choosing the two halves that go together and connecting each with a relative pronoun (who, which or that).Check answers as a class.Ask students to imagine ten items or people that are important to them in day-to-day work. Students should first write a list of the ten items / people. On another sheet of paper, ask students to write explanatory sentences using relative clauses.Have students exchange their ten item lists with a partner. Students should then practice explaining these items to each other using relative clauses. Students should not simply read what they have written, but try to use their examples as a starting point. Encourage students to ask probing questions based on the information they hear.Circulate about the room and help students. Once the exercise is finished, go over common mistakes youve heard while listening to student pair work. Matching Halves Match the first half of the sentence in A with the appropriate phrase in B to complete the definition. Use an appropriate relative pronoun (who, which or that) to connect the two sentences. A A supervisor is a personI have difficulties with bossesOffice Suite is a group of programsSuccess on the road can be assisted by the cloudThe human resources director is the liaisonUse the ratchet as a toolInternal office communications are handled by our company forumYoull find that Anita is a personI couldnt get my work done without DarenTaplist is an app B you can contact to resolve contract issues.can tighten a wide variety of nuts and bolts.provides a friendly place to post questions, make comments and discuss issues.I use to keep track of all my mileage, meals and other work expenses.allows me to access documents and other data from a wide range of devices.do not take my point of view into consideration.is willing to help with any problem you may have.assists me with day-to-day tasks.directs employees working in a team.is used for word processing, creating spreadsheets and presentations.

A Nestle breakfast cereal (market opportunities, product strategy and Essay

A Nestle breakfast cereal (market opportunities, product strategy and next steps) - Essay Example On the other hand, market remains competitive with competition from pastries, cereal bars and biscuits as well as porridges. It is interesting to note that the consumers over 50, given their need for greater convenience and behavior of eating more at home may be inclined towards â€Å"hot cereal† products. These hot cereals offer an even more convenient breakfast option for consumers along with a more portable â€Å"pot† format for the cereal. They also reflect the deep-seated cultural tradition of eating â€Å"hot oats† or â€Å"hot biscuits† across continental Europe (Culliney, 2013). Considering that individuals over 50 tend to prescribe to age-old traditions, this may seem just the right option. Our competitor, Kellogg’s, has already stepped into this market by providing its â€Å"Special K Nourish† product (Culliney, 2013). Considering that consumers over 50 years tend to use the microwave or steam for the preparation of their cereals, h ot cereals provide just the right opportunity to capitalize this. Furthermore, targeting the mental health of consumers over 50 presents a vast opportunity for breakfast cereals sellers. Although manufacturers have traditionally focused on good health of the brain and heart by providing low cholesterol, sugar or fats to this age bracket, it is now time to shift the focus towards catering to the cognitive areas of development in these individuals. Deterioration in mental health, such as Alzheimer’s disease, is common in the older segment; however, few companies have made claims in the area (Culliney, 2012). Considering that individuals over 50 years constitute a major proportion of purchases of breakfast cereals, a growth in the market for fortified cereals is anticipated. Further growth can be achieved by altering the ingredients used in these cereals. For instance, omega-3, linseed, chia seeds, flax seed and poppy seeds could be added to enrich the nutritional value of these breakfast cereals (Culliney, 2012). Fortified cereals that include special ingredients such as zinc, iodine and GABA could be provided to this age group. Most importantly, segmenting via age could be a misleading idea. It is wrong to assume that consumers aged 55-75, for instance, have similar needs because they do not (Culliney, 2012). For instance, it would be useful to create sub- segments in this age group such as thrivers, seniors, elders and survivors. Furthermore, individuals over 50 dislike the idea of being overtly targeted at on the basis of their age (Hought, 2008). Therefore, marketing should be aimed at health benefits or other perceived benefits of the cereal rather than age. 2. Product Strategy Nestle has not yet tapped the highly profitable segment of hot cereals. This comes as a surprise since our competitor, Kellogg’s, has already launched its hot cereal â€Å"pots† which could lure consumers over 50 looking towards microwave cereals. Therefore, our company shall introduce an entirely new product named â€Å"Nestle Live Long Hot Pots† which would offer greater indulgence for our over 50 consumers who spend longer time having breakfast. This product would not only be low in terms of calories but also low in sugar and, therefore, safe for individuals with diabetes in this target group. However, low calories shall not be the thrust of this product as consumers want high nutritional value and not just low

Key Literature on Strategies to Reduce Carbon Emissions review

Key on Strategies to Reduce Carbon Emissions - Literature review Example The policy was introduced by then Minister for Finance, Brian Lenihan. The Irish scrappage policy was meant to reduce the level of carbon emissions in Ireland as well as boost domestic demand. Hennessy and Tol (2011) constructed an empirical model (based on history of data) to anticipate the impact of three policies in Ireland to reduce carbon emissions. The first policy is the 2009 reform of vehicle registration and motor tax; the second policy is the electrification of transports; and the third policy is the scrappage scheme. The model sought to characterize the impact of the three policies on the Irish car stock from 2010 to 2025. Based on the empirical model developed by Hennessy and Tol, the first policy or the 2009 reform of vehicle registration and motor tax will lead to a dramatic shift in Irish vehicle stock: the main vehicle stock will be transformed from petrol to diesel cars (Hennessy and Tol 2011, p. 135). According to the model, fuel efficiency will improve with the fir st policy. However, although carbon emissions will be reduced, the reduction will not be substantial (Hennessy and Tol 2011, p. 135). The reduction in carbon emission through a policy of reform of vehicle registration and motor tax will be such that by 2020, Irish carbon emissions will be only roughly equal to the carbon emissions of 2007 or the carbon emissions of four years ago. ... 135). Hennessy and Tol’s model indicated that the third policy or the scrappage scheme will have little effect because it applies only to a tiny fraction of the car stock. While the Hennesy and Tol study employed their model to anticipate or project the possible impact of three policies on carbon emissions, the Rogan et al. (2011) investigated the impact of taxation on private cars proportionate to their carbon emissions based on the results after a year of the tax rate change that was started to be implemented in July 2008. According to Rogan et al. (2011), the taxation proportionate to carbon emission policy that was started to be implemented in July 2008 reduced the emissions from new cars to only 145 g/km as short as one year from the start of the implementation of the policy (Rogan et al. 2011, p. 583). According to Rogan et al., the reduction was brought about not by a decrease in engine size but by through the shift to diesel cars. However, the policy led to a 33% decre ase in tax revenue equivalent to â‚ ¬166 million (Rogan et al. 2011, p. 583). Earlier, Giblin and McNabola (2009) attempted to anticipate the possible impact of the 2008 policy that was the subject of the Rogan et al. (2011) analysis. In contrast to the one-year after results of the policy analysis of Rogan et al. (2011), however, Giblin and McNabola anticipated or forecasted the possible impact of the policy using a model. In the Giblin and McNabola model, the carbon emission-differentiated vehicle tax system that was implemented beginning July 2008 was forecasted to result into a 3.6 to 3.8% carbon dioxide emission intensity and a reduction in tax revenue of â‚ ¬ 191 million. Licandro and Sampayo (2005) used a mathematical car replacement model to analyze the impact of

Investigating Resistance Essay Example for Free

Investigating Resistance Essay Plan of Action I am going to find out what affects the resistance of a wire by using a six volt power supply in order to have a sufficient charge that wont be too strong or too weak, also so the wires wont get too hot very quickly as it would then greatly affect our results. Five different thickness of nichrome wire as well as changing the length. I will use 20,24,28,32 and 36swg and for each one I will record the voltage and the amps for the lengths from 100cm, down every 20 to 20cm. Do this by setting up the equipment as shown in the diagram below and change the wire after you have recorded all the results for the previous wire, doing so for each one: We will then use the results to find the resistance which is: R=V Resistance = Volts I Amps I will then record our results on a graph. After that I will do the same thing but record all the wires at 60cm three times to do an extra graph comparing cross-sectional area and resistance. Trial run Below is a results table showing our first trial run of our plan of action so we can see if anything needs changing. The wire used was nichrome-24swg. LENGTH (CM) V VOLTS I AMPS R RESISTANCE V2 I2 R2 V3 I3 R3. The results do prove my prediction correct but to show it accurately I will change my plan of action to going down in 10cm rather than 20cm. This will give me a wider range of results. Improved Plan of Action I am going to find out what affects the resistance of a wire by using a six volt power supply, five different thickness of nichrome wire and the changing of length from 100cm, down every 10 until I get to 10cm. The thickness that I will use are 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36swg. For each thickness I will record the Volts and Amps from 100cm down to 10cm. I will do this by setting up a circuit like the one below and changing the wire after I have recorded all the results for the previous wire: I will the use the results to find the resistance for each length of each wire using this equation: R=V which is . Resistance = Volts R Amps I will then do the same as the above but only record all the wires at 50cm three times to compare cross-sectional area and resistance. Then Ill do the graphs. Apparatus . Power supply, to supply the charge for the wires. . 5m of nichrome wire, for the charge to travel through. . crocodile clips, to connect the circuit. . wire cutters, to cut the wire down to the desired lengths. . metre stick, to measure the different lengths of wire. . connecting wires, to carry the electric current. . ammeter, to record the amps. . voltmeter, to record the volts. Fair Test I will make sure it is a fair test by using the same bit of wire when we record the 50cm three times, letting the wire cool down before moving on to the next length because heat creates more resistance, use the same amount of power for each wire so there are the same amount of electrons passed into the wire each time. Also I will make sure the circuit is connected properly at all ends. Method . Set up equipment as shown in diagram. . Cut a 20, 24, 28, 32, and 36swg nichrome wire to 100cm using a metre stick. . Start at 20swg and add it to the circuit. . Start at 100cm record the results and move the crocodile clip down 10cm. . Record the results from the ammeter and the voltmeter onto a table. . Move the crocodile clip down 10 more cms and so on until you get to the end. . Change wire to the next gauge and gradually work your way through all of them. . Repeat the 24swg three times at all lengths. . For all the thickness record the results three times at 50cm. . Then find the resistance using the equation R=V/A . Plot the graphs. Safety Box . Make sure bags and coats are in a safe place where nobody can fall over them . Walk in an appropriate manner around the laboratory. . Leave the wires to cool before touching them . Do not take water near the power pack and dont have the voltage too high Results Nichrome-20swg Length (cm) V volts I amps R resistance Nichrome32swg Length (cm) V volts I amps R resistance Nichrome-36swg Length (cm) V volts I amps R resistance Evaluation My results show that the longer a wire is, the higher the resistance will be and the thicker a wire is, the lower the resistance will be. This is what I predicted and it has been proved. The resistance in a wire depends on its shape and size. The scientific reason as to why thin wires have a higher resistance than thick wires is that the sea of electrons that flow throughout a metal all travel through at the same time and if the electrons have a larger area to travel through then there will be more space for them to flow freely with less collisions that cause loss of energy, but if they try to flow through a thin piece of metal they will collide into the other ions creating heat which then creates more resistance. Longer wires have more resistance than shorter ones because a short wire has a certain amount of resistance, now if you double the length of the wire then you will also be doubling the resistance. This is because there is a greater distance for the electrons to travel through so there is a greater amount of resistance slowing the current down. The graph comparing length and resistance shows a linear trend, but I think we may have made an error in the experiment. I think this because the line for the 32swg wire is above the line for the 36swg wire when they should be the other way around. I suspect that we may have used the same wire accidentally because the points for each result are so close, but generally speaking the theory is proved because all of the others have followed the expected pattern of an increase of resistance, in the increase of length and the increase of thickness. The graph comparing cross-sectional area with resistance shows that with each increase in width of a uniform nature, the resistance drops, but by a greater amount each time, i. e. 32swg-10 28swg-5 diff-5 24swg-2 diff-2 20swg-0. 9 diff-1. 6 If I was to do the experiment again then I would improve my method by being more accurate with my measurements of the wire. The problem with the measurements before was that the wires were very bendy and hard to straighten out so as a result the wires would have been longer then the actual length recorded, so I would use straight wire and would make sure it was cut to the nearest mm to get more accurate results. Overall I am quite pleased with my experiment. The results were generally successful and prove my prediction and the theory correct. If I could do it again then I would make sure I had all the correct wires for each experiment, and that the wires werent too hot as to affect the results in a major way by creating too much resistance. I would do this by leaving a longer period of cooling time so the heat will escape and the resistance will drop. There was two anomalous results on the graph comparing length and resistance. The reasons for these could have been an accumulation of not holding the crocodile clips at the right places, e. g. At 50cm instead of 60cm, or the connections that sent the current through the wire may have been held on tighter on one of the distances resulting in a stronger current and less resistance, and loser on the next resulting in a lower current and more resistance.

Meno Essay -- essays research papers

There is not a great deal of context that is crucial to understanding the essential themes of the Meno, largely because the dialogue sits nearly at the beginning of western philosophy. Socrates and Plato are working not so much in the context of previous philosophies as in the context of the lack of them. Further, this is very probably one of Plato's earliest surviving dialogues, set in about 402 BCE (by extension, we might presume that it represents Socrates at a relatively early stage in his own thought). Nonetheless, in order to understand the aims and achievements of the dialogue, it helps to keep in mind some details about this lack of previous philosophies. Since neither virtue nor any other concept has yet been defined in the way to which we are now accustomed, Socrates has to show that defining these things at all is a good idea. In this task, his primary foe is Greek cultural custom and the political aristocracy that most strongly embodies that custom. Meno, a prominent Thessalian who is visiting Athens, is a member of this class. Meno's semi-foreign status aids Socrates (and Plato) in the dialogue, allowing for eyewitness accounts that Socrates himself could not give. Thus, Meno is able to say with authority that the Thessalians do not have anyone who can clearly teach virtue, while Socrates (and Anytus, a prominent Athenian statesman) can vouch for the sorry state of affairs in Athens. Meno is also a handy interlocutor for this dialogue because he is a follower of Gorgias, one of the most reputable of the Sophist teachers, and knows the Thessalian Sophist community to some extent. He therefore serves as a Sophist foil for Socrates' logical points. This is not quite a fair fight, of course, since Plato can put whatever words he wants in Meno's mouth, and because Meno is not himself an accomplished Sophist (like Gorgias, who is the central figure in a much lengthier Platonic dialogue). Nonetheless, Socrates sets Meno up early on as a naive believer in the kind of pompous, elaborately rhetorical, but largely vacuous Sophist method of philosophy that had come to prominence some forty or fifty years earlier. Meno readily admits to being an enthusiastic follower of Gorgias and implicitly agrees to Socrates' characterization of Sophist arguments as bold, grand, and presumptuous. In this sense, Meno is something of a straw man set up by Plato to highl... ...ue as straight knowledge or as a kind of mysterious wisdom revealed to us by the gods "without understanding." It is seen as likely that most virtuous men are so by holding "right opinions" rather than true knowledge. Right opinions lead us to the same ends as knowledge, but do not stay with us because they are not "tied down" by an account of why they are right. Thus, we can only depend on semi-divine inspiration to keep us focused on right opinions rather than wrong ones. This dilemma brings us back to Socrates' (and Plato's) original purpose--the mode of dialogic analysis Socrates pursues with Meno is meant first of all to show up wrong opinions. Secondly, it is meant to clear the ground for an inversion of the whole sequence of right opinion and truth. If the requirements for a definition of virtue can be filled, we would no longer need to test out opinions blindly (as is done throughout the Meno). Rather, we would have an account of virtue first--an idea of virtue that is "tied down"--and could determine the details from there. The Meno only pursues the first part of this project, but it lays a great deal of groundwork for the second.

Personality Determinants Essay

Heredity refers to those factors that were determined at conception. Physical structure, facial attractiveness, gender, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythms are characteristics that are generally considered to be either completely or substantially influenced by who your parents were, that is by their biological, physiological and inherent psychological makeup. The environmental factors that exert pressures on our personality formation are the culture in which we are raised, our early conditioning, the norms among our family, friends and social groups, and other influences that we experience. The environment to which we are exposed plays a substantial role in shaping our personalities A third factor, the situation, influences the effects of heredity and environment on personality. An individual’s personality although generally stable and consistent, does change in different situations. The varying demand of different situation calls forth different aspects of one’s personality. We should not therefore look upon personality patterns in isolation. Subconscious Programming Most of us sometimes get programmed / conditioned by a wrong messages that â€Å" do not do that†, â€Å"don’t take the risk†, â€Å"you cannot do that† you are not good in †¦and so on†¦.. You can imagine the bad effect such message can have on any person. Our Conscious Mind is like a watch man. And the Subconscious Mind is a store of all the previously programmed or conditioned information / knowledge/ believes. Now programming personality means putting positive believes/ information into the store without the knowledge of the watchman (conscious mind). Suppose you tell yourself that â€Å"you are good at Public Speaking†. And the store has stored based on peoples comments and experience that â€Å"you are poor in communication† â€Å"you cannot speak well in public†, â€Å"you don’t have an impressive body language† †¦.. The watch man sees your sentence and compares it with the knowledge in its store and says â€Å"this information is wrong†. The watchman throws the new information away. He does not allow the new positive information into the store. This is the fundamental difficulty in changing personality & behavior of a person. Now the question is how and when we could program our mind for positive personality trait without the obstruction of watchman†¦ The answer is we can program our mind for positive personality traits during the Twilight period just before sleeping and just before waking up. This is the time when the conscious mind is active enough to generate the positive traits for entering into store but inactive to judge/compare and will not obstruct to the positive traits to enter into the subconscious store house. Reinforced Programming / Conscious Programming Autosuggestion and Repetition of the positive traits despite negative response from comparison with the store house also gives success in programming for personality traits. Auto-suggestion is a statement made in the present tense, of the kind of person you want to be. Auto-suggestion are like a commercial about â€Å"Super You†, or â€Å"Future Super You† for yourself what you want to be or achieve. They influence both your conscious and subconscious mind in the long run shaping your personality and attitude. Auto-suggestions are the conscious way to programme the subconscious mind for positive traits. It is the effective method of voluntary development of positive traits and attitudes. Auto-suggestion should be mixed with emotions. All such reinforced / conscious programming which have been emotionalized (giving feeling) and mixed with applied faith, begin immediately to translate themselves into physical or real equivalent. Auto-suggestive thoughts which are mixed with any of the feeling of emotions constitute a â€Å"psycho-magnetic† force which attracts other similar or related thoughts. Our subconscious mind resembling a fertile garden spot, in which weeds will grow in abundance if you the seeds of more desirable crops are not sown therein. Auto-suggestion is the agency of control through which an individual can voluntarily feed his subconscious mind on thoughts of creative/ positive nature or by neglect permit thoughts of a destructive nature to find their way into the rich garden of mind. So Caution should be taken while programming your mind for positive traits only. Defensive Approach One of this type of approach is protest or deny the negative traits at it’s very beginning of the entering in the subconscious store. And the second is to consciously avoid this type of environment or situation. In real life situation it is very difficult because it may lead to confrontation and argument or Inaction. Another problem in this is that most of us have some negative traits previously in our store house due to our past experience and conditioning. Imaginary Anchoring or Invisible Counseling Committee While watching a picture we anchor the Hero, placing ourselves in place of hero. Similarly we can anchor Great men in imagination and let them shape our personality. Another is the Invisible Counseling Committee comprising of great personalities of your choice. We can counsel from these great minds at times or situation. What decision or action he would have been taken in my situation.. Winston Churchill the war time British Prime Minister was following this principle. He had his Imaginary Counseling Committee by the side of his Chamber. Many great decisions he used to take by following these principles. Physical Action / Body Language Approach In general it is the positive practice or experiencing desired traits whether the desired perfection achieved or not. It is generally said that our personality traits control our body language. But it is a fact that the reverse is also true. This meanswe can change our negative traits towards positive traits by consciously practicing the body language for positive traits. Domino-effect. Direct exposure to good personalities or environment Here the direct environment is the driving force in shaping the personalities. When one constantly remains in direct contact with great personalities will enriches his own to be the one. Similarly the organization culture and structure also many times influences ones personality. Sometimes it is the guiding principle for job satisfaction / recruitment.

Bad Cafeteria FoodFinal

However, this only my opinion bout how feel about public school nutrition, but I will get more in-depth with this issue later in this research. The History Poor nutrition has been a problem for years in the public school system and contributing to childhood obesity. Before childhood obesity became an issue and what kind of nutrition a child was receiving from outside the home, people would come home from school/work to have lunch with their family. However, the concept of cafeteria school lunch choice did not exist in the early years (1930-1960).While time continued to move forward, the ideal of installing vending machines begin to emerge in a few public schools. Cafeteria's today lean more towards federal nutritional recommendations, regional culinary preferences, and portion sizes to cut down on food cost for that particular school district. The question often comes up â€Å"how health is cafeteria food in public schools? † There are numerous factors that points to the fact there is unhealthy eating in school. However when the food is prepared, the cafeteria has a large crowd to feed, therefore; nutrition is their least worries.I think that the school system wouldn't spend the extra money on better nutrition foods for the students. In recent surrey, taste cost and convenience were the main factors in why students choose to eat this unhealthy food. Environmental Stance From an environmental prospective, most public school systems are reaching out to local farmers and producers for their products. By getting their products from local farmers and producers, this will cut down on cost and slow down global warming through transportation.The public schools that continue to outsource their products, it has a high chance of bringing in parasites and other insects. I think school food environment plays a huge role in society and contributes to childhood obesity. There a many health risks that is associated with childhood obesity. The school cafeterias allow the students to purchase junk food and extras doing lunch hours. Although the students make a big transition from grade level to a higher grade level, their appetite gets bigger and requires more food consumptions.As the student gets older, they will become more particular on what they want to put in their body, and without the practice of eating healthy, this could promote health risks. This exemplifies that practicing eating healthy can contribute to an ongoing healthy lifestyle. What Can Be Done? I think that I have concluded that cafeteria food is unhealthy for students in public schools. However, think this could be change with the correct steps and strong support from the parents and staff. Once the correct changes have been put into place, I think the public school system could also promote a healthy eating lifestyle.So now the question is â€Å"what is the solution to this problem? † Finding a Solution We know that cafeteria food is bad for the students in the public sch ool systems and the contribution to childhood obesity. The Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010, set nutrition standards for all food served in schools (school Nutrition†) to promote an early healthy lifestyle. However, since the problem has been revealed, the next thing to do is to put in a solution and advantages. There are a few options that I will discuss later during this research on different solutions that may prevent this ongoing problem.Hunger-Free The Hunger-Free Act of 201 0 improved the health of 32 million children that ate school lunches the whole time during their enrollment. (school Nutrition†) A lot of these improvements came from shrinking the meal size that the students were receiving. For example, some schools offered the students fruits instead of extra meats. The government released new changes in the duration such as, low calories meals and whole grain breads. Because of the government stepping in, a campaign was put in place to reduce the number of overwe ight students through exercise and a healthier lifestyle.Advantages From a political stand point, the government has organized programs to help the growing problem of childhood obesity as I stated earlier. The program will add more fruits and green vegetables to breakfast and lunches with less salt usage. (school Nutrition†) Therefore, the government also added to reduced starchy foods like rice and potatoes. The government estimates that the rules will add about 33. Billion in costs to the program for an efficient use. (â€Å"Cafeteria Food and Economic†) think that the improvements that the government is doing will decrease the rapid rate of childhood obesity. From our perspective, the new rules improve school nutrition, but at the same time give schools flexibility to serve a variety of foods to meet the standards,† said Carrey Henry. Some school districts are turning to their local farmers and producers to cut down on global warming. This is an advantage becau se, by getting the products locally the gas usage that is use doing shipping and which toxic chemicals are been release into the atmosphere. Another advantage is that there will be fewer chemicals used to preserve the produce as it's been shipped to the school.An estimated 25 percent of the greenhouse gas emissions produced by people in industrialized nations can be traced to the food they eat Cafeteria Food and Global Warming' 2008). I think that this is a reasonable solution to help the environment while food is being disbursed throughout the school system. School meal programs across the country are run somewhat like restaurants, relying on federal and state subsidies that often make decisions for them. â€Å"Cafeteria Food and Economic†) However, when the federal government is involved more money can be moved around quickly and put to its proper use or plans. The federal government provides $2. 7 per meal for students eligible for a reduced-price lunch and 23 cents for st udents who pay full-price for their lunch. By lowering the price for meals, I think that will the student more money to eat a reimbursable lunch and breakfast during enrollment in school. The federal government helps the school system by providing funds and brightens up the economic side of things. Finding a Weakness There are many things that could be done to improve the food that's being served of the public school cafeterias. However, there are only so many ideals that can be brought up to a discussion about ways to make the food healthier.The federal government tends to oversee these things in the public systems, but its up to the student parents to enforce these rules and make sure their kids are getting the proper nutrition. Therefore, if there are some advantages, I am quite sure that there are some disadvantages among these solutions. The Disadvantage When you hear the word â€Å"disadvantage† what is the first thing that comes to our mind? However, school cafeteria f ood line may contain a number of unhealthy choices, most school cafeterias do include nutritious foods as well. I think most of the unhealthy food that is provided by the school, operates of the government budget which equals poor quality food for the students that attend that particular school district. Earlier in this research, I stated a few advantages that I feel may guide this situation in the correct direction. I hope that the disadvantages that I will state later in this research will not change your thoughts on the advantages. Stated Disadvantages Obesity is rising in the school system because of the poor nutrition that the students are receiving.Economy sits and psychologists are developing a new set of tools that promise to help relax the tension between these two competing views of school lunches. (â€Å"Cafeteria Food and Disadvantages†) However, one economic disadvantage is limited budgets for purchasing ingredients that go into a meal. Public schools are in the direst shape with only $1 per plate available for actual food costs. (â€Å"Cafeteria Food and Disadvantages†) By the school being limited on what ingredients to by, that old be a disadvantage to supplying poor nutrition to students.

The Biography of Riley B.B. King

The Biography of Riley B.B. King "Sometimes when I'm blue, seems like Lucille try to help me call my name." B.B. King once said. B.B. King is a great blues singer and player. He has been playing for most of his life and has reached many goals and has become very recognized all over the globe. His most significant symbol has probably become his guitar, who he has loved for years. He has had many rough times and many great times throughout his life. Today, B.B. King is still a very influential individual showing that you can be anything you want if you try hard enough.Riley B. King was born on September 16, 1925 on a plantation in Itta Bene, Mississippi. His parents split up when he was 4 years old and was sent to live with his grandmother which he lived with most of his younger years. Riley's mother and grandmother always attended church on Sundays, which is where Riley got his first musical experiences, his mother also sang in the choir.El considerado rey del Blues con su inseparable Lu...At church, Reverend Fair pl ayed guitar to bring congregation together every morning. Reverend Fair was also the first person to teach King how to play the guitar, beginning with chords (Troupe). When Riley was only 9 years old, his mother died at 25 years old in 1935. When he was 12 years old, he bought he first guitar for only $15.00. In early 1940, Riley's grandmother Elnora also died, he tried to make a living on his own in his grandmother's cabin, but was not successful. He moved in with his father, but after 2 years got home sick and returned back to the area. One year later he moved to Kilmicheal, and while searching for his cousin who at the time was a well known blues player, joined a singing group...

Virginia Military Institute (VMI) Admissions Data

Virginia Military Institute (VMI) Admissions Data The Virginia Military Institute is a selective school that accepts roughly half of applicants each year. See what makes it unique and what it takes to attend this college. About VMI Established in 1839, the Virginia Military Institute is the oldest public military college in the United States and one of the countrys six Senior Military Colleges (with The Citadel, NGCSU, Norwich University, Texas AM, and Virginia Tech). VMI is not for everyone, and students should be ready for a disciplined and demanding college environment (new cadets are called Rats). Unlike students at the U.S. military academies, students at the Virginia Military Institute are not required to serve in the armed forces after graduation. VMI ranks highly among public undergraduate institutions, and the schools engineering programs are particularly strong. In athletics, most teams of the VMI Keydets compete in the NCAA Division I Southern Conference. Will you get in if you apply? ​Calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2017) Virginia Military Institute Acceptance Rate: 53Â  percentGPA, SAT and ACT graph for VMITest Scores: 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 560 / 640SAT Math: 540 / 640What these SAT numbers meanSouthern Conference SAT score comparisonTop Virginia colleges SAT comparisonACT Composite: 23 / 28ACT English: 22 / 28ACT Math: 23Â  / 27What these ACT numbers meanSouthern Conference ACT score comparisonTop Virginia colleges ACT comparison Enrollment (2017) Total Enrollment: 1,722Â  (all undergraduate)Gender Breakdown: 88 percent male / 12 percent female100 percent Full-time Costs (2017–18) Tuition and Fees: $18,214 (in-state); $43,902 (out-of-state)Books: $1,000 (why so much?)Room and Board: $9,236Other Expenses: $2,150Total Cost: $30,600 (in-state); $56,288 (out-of-state) Virginia Military Institute Financial Aid (2016–17) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 89Â  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 69 percentLoans: 76Â  percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $14,434Loans: $8,265 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors: Civil Engineering, Economics, History, International Relations, Mechanical Engineering, PsychologyWhat major is right for you? Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 87Â  percentTransfer-out Rate: 20 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 63Â  percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 77Â  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports: Football, Lacrosse, Rifle, Soccer, Baseball, Basketball, WrestlingWomens Sports: Rifle, Water Polo, Swimming, Track and Field, Soccer If You Like VMI, You May Also Like These Schools Old Dominion University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphJames Madison University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of North Georgia: ProfileERAU - Daytona Beach: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCollege of William Mary: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNorth Carolina State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUS Naval Academy: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Virginia Military Institute Mission Statement mission statement from vmi.edu/about/ It is the mission of those at Virginia Military Institute to develop educated, honorable men and women, prepared for the varied work of civil life, imbued with love of learning, confident in the functions and attitudes of leadership, possessing a high sense of public service, advocates of the American democracy and free enterprise system, and ready as citizen-soldiers to defend their country in time of national peril. Data Source: National Center for Education Statistics

Production of Managerial Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Production of Managerial Knowledge - Essay Example The said principles are said to be credible wherein the evidence is indeed clear and the findings in research may absolutely been very tough specifically for the researchers as well as practitioners in order to arrive at exact interpretation. The practices that may capitalize the insights of the principle may be suited with the setting wherein the performance indicators in particular, saying that most of the executive directors use all units may be considered to be pertinent. Despite the many challenges, this evidence-based management promises for the attainment of goals in organization that includes the employee's affection including the stockholders and the public in general. With regards to the "Evidence-based" Zeitgeist, the evidence based is defined as the buzzword in the public policy's contemporary that includes the triteness' risk and the status of buzzword as superficially convey. ... The observation of such impact in the two fields may have a high influenced by the so-called decisions in legislative like for instance policing including the secondary education (Bennis, 2004).The policing considered to be evidence-based are telling that the police community may offer the police officers trained for treating in polite way the criminal suspects because of the belief that this may fall to reduction of the repeat offenses. The education considered as evidence-based happening in most schools that are classified as secondary may restore the social promotion's practices, wherein most of the students are facing difficulties to pass their courses after many trials, talking with the next grade level's advancement. The research may indicate the promotional benefit with social promotion benefiting the costs outweigh due to the increasing high school diploma with the likelihood of the subsequent employment and lowering the drug usage of incidence among the students. This eviden ce-based practice is known as the paradigm to make decisions integrating the research that is best available with the decision maker expertise and the preferences in guiding the practice which is toward the results considered to be most desirable. The proponents are said to be skeptical regarding the experience, the wisdom and at the same time the personal credentials which is the basis to assert the works. Like for instance, the medicine is known as the success story with regards to the first domain institutionalizing the practice of the so-called evidence-based. The evidence-based medicine is the individual Assessment: Production of managerial knowledge P 4 integration of such clinical expertise that includes the best evidence from external sources.

Importance of the Code of Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Importance of the Code of Ethics - Research Paper Example The code of ethics applies to the financial planning professionals. Financial planners are required to follow the code of ethics and are therefore held accountable if they do not abide by the code (FPSC, 2015). Financial planners registered with the CFP Board are required to acknowledge and accept to follow the code of ethics when they renew their certificates. The board goes ahead to enforce the code of ethics on financial planning professionals via a disciplinary process which is outlined in the disciplinary rules and procedures section (CFP Board, n.d). The primary aim of the code of ethics is to guide the financial planners on how to conduct their activities professionally. By agreeing to follow the code of ethics, financial planners agree that they will work in the best interests of their clients or the general public. Thus, they will conduct their activities professionally. This instills confidence in the general public or clients because they believe that financial planners wi ll shelf their personal interests for the client’s interest first. Thus, the code of ethics applies to the financial planners. They have to follow the seven principles contained in the code of ethics: client first, integrity, objectivity, fairness, professionalism, competence, confidentiality and diligence. If a financial planner does not abide by the code of ethics, the professional shall be disciplined. Some form of discipline include suspension of the professional for a period not exceeding five years.

Incident report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Incident report - Essay Example Knowledge results from the combination of grasping experience and transforming it† (Kolb 1984). I faced with small but diverse conflicts during my activity. There is a tendency that the middle managers have proven to be more mobile. So first of all I estimated the conflict in order to give an answer to the question of what we can change the current situation. The manager should properly analyze what the person needs or do not needs, and what will only confuse the worker, to be able to articulate the problem and extract the desired information (Aldair 2009). I was needed to think and act quickly in order to satisfy the tasks proposed, I used to concentrate and express my ideas and thoughts correctly in order not to offend anyone ant at the same time be understood by my interlocutors. Kolb proposed six main characteristics for experiential learning (Kolb, 1999), including the following points: His experiential learning theory was developed in order to give a model to develop our practice. This theory has appeared under the different titles like The Learning Cycle, The Kolb Cycle or The Experiential Learning Cycle. The Kolb Cycle is divided into four different stages and it is possible to start at any point, however the order of the stages of learning from experience must not be ruined to achieve the successful results. The Experiential Learning Cycle says that is not enough to get an experience in order of learning. The experience is essential thing when it is necessary to formulate generalisations and concepts, useful for the new situations. In order to prove the skills you should get to the new situations. According to the written above the idea is to link theory and action by planning with reflections back to the theory. In order to join it to my activity I need to open each category a bit more. Concrete experience is

The Foreign Exchange Market

The Foreign Exchange Market The foreign exchange market is the market where one currency is traded for another. This market is somewhat similar to the over the counter market in securities. The trading in currencies is usually accomplished over the telephone or through the telex. With direct dialing telephone service anywhere in the word, foreign exchange markets have become truly global in the sense that currency transactions now require only a single telephone call and take place twenty four hours per day. The different monetary centers are connected by a telephone network and video screens and are in constant contact with one another, thus forming a single international foreign exchange market. However, the currencies and the extent of the participation of each currency in this market depend on local regulations, which vary form country to country. Chapter 1 deals with the introduction and conceptual framework of foreign exchange market in India. It also deals with the structure of Indian Forex Market. Chapter 2 deals with the literature review of organization and regulation of forex market as well as management of exchange risk, exchange rate mechanism. Chapter 3 deals with the methodology adopted in the research process outlining the objectives of the study, methods of data collection and limitations faced while conducting the study. Chapter 4 deals with the data analysis of the foreign exchange market in India. It covers the long term and short term factors which account to the problems. Chapter 5 deals with the conclusion, recommendations and future prospects of forex market in India. Chapter1 Conceptual Framework of forex Market Theory of Foreign exchange The term foreign exchange is normally used to denote foreign currency surrendered or asked for in any of its current forms, i.e. a currency note or a negotiable instrument or transfer of funds through cable or mail transfer or a letter of credit transaction requiring sale and purchase of foreign exchange or conversion of one currency into another, either at the local center or an overseas center. The banks, dealing in for exchange and providing facilities for conversion of one currency into another or vice versa are known as Authorized Dealers or Dealers in Foreign Exchange. A bank is said to buy or sell foreign exchange when it handles the claims drawn in foreign currency or the actual legal tender money, i.e., foreign currency notes and coins of other countries. The theory of Foreign exchange covers different means and methods by which the claims expressed in terms of one currency are converted into another currency and specifically deal with the rates at which such conversion takes place. With partial or complete exchange control, as exercised by countries since World War II exchange markets are no longer free. Exchange rates today are not entirely determined by market forces but are officially fixed and maintained by Central Monetary Authorities. Fluctuations in exchange rates are permitted by authorities only within narrow limits,. And official rates often very different to what they would be if natural forces were allowed to operate. Forex Markets The foreign exchange market, like the market for any other commodity, comprises of buyers and sellers of foreign currencies. The operations in the foreign exchange market originate in the requirements of customers for making remittances to and receiving them from other countries. But the bulk of transactions take place among banks dealing in foreign exchange for their own requirements as they do cover operations. Banks undertake large and frequent deals with other banks through the agency of Exchange Brokers, and it is these deals which give the market its significance. In addition, there are other transactions which take place in the foreign exchange market. All transactions of the exchange market may be divided into five categories: Transactions between banks and their customers. Transactions between different banks in the same centre. Dealings between banks in a country and their correspondents, and overseas branches. The purchase and sale of currencies between the central bank of a country and the commercial banks. The transactions of the central banks of one country, with central banks of other countries. There is not much difference between one market and another as far as the international transaction between markets at different centres is concerned. But local dealings, among members of the same market are organized in two different forms. One of them is the pattern adopted in Great Britain, U.S. A. and some other countries, where foreign exchange dealers never meet each other but transact business through a network of telephone lines linking the banks, with exchange brokers who act as intermediaries. In India also the foreign exchange market is organized on these lines. The other type is the markets in countries of Western Europe, where the dealers in Foreign exchange meet on every working day at a meeting place for business proposals-They fix the exchange rates for certain kind of business particularly with-customers. The foreign exchange markets in these countries are like commodity exchange or stock exchange. However, the global important of these markets, is comparatively smal l. Indian Foreign Exchange Market The Indian foreign exchange market, broadly concentrated in big cities, is a three-tier market. The first tier covers the transactions between the Reserve Bank and Authorized Dealers (Ads). As per the Foreign Regulation Act, the responsibility and authority of foreign exchange administration is vested with the RBI. It is the apex body in this area and for its own convenience, has delegated its responsibility of foreign exchange transaction functions to Ads, primarily the scheduled commercial banks. They have formed the Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India which framers rules regarding the conduct of business, coordinates with the RBI in the proper administration of foreign exchange control and acts as a clearing house for information among Ads. Besides the commercial banks, there are money- changers operating on the periphery. They are well-established firms and hotels doing this business under license from the RBI. In the first tier of the market, the RBI buys and sells for eign currency from and to Ads according to the exchange control regulations in force from time to time. Prior to the introduction of the Liberalized Exchange Management System, Ads had to sell foreign currency acquired by them from the primary market at rates administered by the RBI. The latter too sold pounds sterling or US dollars, spot as well as forward, to Ads to cover the latters primary market requirements. But with the unified exchange rate system, the RBI now intervenes in the market to stabilize the value of the rupee. The second of the market is the inter-bank market where Ads transaction business among themselves. They normally do their business within the country, but they can transact business also with overseas bank in order to cover their own position. Through they can do it independently, they do it normally through a recognized broker. The brokers are not allowed to execute any deals on their own account or for the purpose of jobbing. Within the country, the inter-bank transactions can be both sport and forwards. These may be swap transactions. Any permitted currency can be sued. But while dealing with the overseas Ads, because the Indian market lacks depth in other currencies; the Indian banks can deal mainly in two currencies, viz, the US branches must cover only genuine transactions relating to a customer in India or for the purpose of adjusting or squaring the banks own position. Forward trading with overseas banks is also allowed if it is done for the above two purpose, that is for cov ering genuine transactions or for squaring the currency position, and does not exceed a period of six months. In case the import is made on deferred payment terms and the period exceeds six months, permission has to be obtained from the RBI. Cancellation of forward contracts is allowed in India, although it has to be referred to the RBI. Previously, the banks used to get the forward transactions covered with the RBI, but since 1994-95 the RBI has stopped giving this cover and has permitted the banks to trade freely in the forward market. Cancellation of a forward contract involves entering into a reverse transaction at the going rate. Suppose US $1,000 was bough forward on 1 February for three months at Rs. 40/US $. On 1 March, it is cancelled involving selling the US dollar at the rate prevalent on this day. If the exchange rate on 1 March is Rs. 39.50/US $ there will be a loss of Rs. 500 (the dollar sold for Rs. 39.5 minus dollar bought at Rs. 40.00). The loss is borne by the customer. If the value of the US dollar is greater on the cancellation day, the customer shall reap the profit. The third tier of the foreign exchange market is represented by the primary market where Ads transact in foreign currency with the customers. The very existence of this tier is the outcome of the legal provision that all foreign exchange transactions of the Indian residents must take place through Ads. The tourists exchange currency, exporters and importers exchange currency, and all these transactions come under the primary market Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Organization And Regulation of Forex Market The Foreign Exchange department, which is also being called as the International Banking Division, is one of the important departments of the banks operating in international market. In India also all scheduled commercial banks, both in the nationalized or non-nationalized sectors, do have Foreign Exchange departments, both at their principal offices as well as offices, in metropolitan centers. This department functions independently under the overall change of some senior executive or a senior officer well-versed in foreign exchange operations as well as in the rules and regulations in force from time to time pertaining to foreign exchange transactions advised by various government agencies. The principal function of a Foreign exchange department is to handle foreign inward remittances as well as outward remittances; buying and selling of foreign currencies, handling and forwarding of import and export documents and giving the consultancy services to the exporters and importers. Besides this, the department also gives the financial assistance in relation to the foreign trade, i.e., it gives assistance to the exporters by way of financing the exports and imports by giving them the financial assistance to clear the consignments or open a letter of credit. The department issues letters of credit for their importer clients and handles letters of credit received from overseas correspondents in favour of exporters from India. Issuance of Performance and the Bid Bond guarantees and tender document is also one of the important functions of the banks that are dealing I foreign exchange. In India, the banks doing foreign exchange business are issued a license to this effect by the Reserve Bank of India under Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973. No bank, not having such license to deal in foreign exchange, can handle foreign exchange operations. Besides Authorized Dealers, licenses are also issued to the Dealers with limited powers to change foreign currency notes, coins and travellers cheques. Such licensees are known as Authorized Money Changers. 2.1 Organisation of A Foreign Exchange Department The foreign exchange department of a medium or large sized-bank can be divided into various department and sections such department are locked after by a senior person not lower than the category of a branch manager having both administrative and operational know-how as well as discretionary powers for advances required from time to time by the clients. The in charge of the department functions independently within the overall framework laid down by the Management of the bank. The in charge is assisted in hid day-to-day work by a team of officers, and workmen. One of the important functions of the Foreign exchange department, beside banking operations, is to maintain liaison and correspondence relations with overseas banks who may be their correspondents. SECTION OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT The Foreign exchange department is divided into number of sections, each one equally important and looked after by one officer or a department head. A particular section can be sub-divided into sub-section with specific duties allotted. The sections in Foreign exchange department can be broadly stated as under: 1. Dealers Section This section is the nerve of the foreign exchange department as the exchange rates are computed and advised by this section. The exchange rates are the on a foreign exchange and so any incorrect fixation of rates (price) will turn the profits of the bank into losses and instead of earning from the foreign exchange transactions, the bank may keep on losing. This section is headed by an officer who is called a Dealer. In the morning, before the banking hours begin, the exchange rates of various currencies are computed. The rates are computed on the basis of certain fixed principles which may by either market quotations or any such approved channel. In India, the Dealer works out the exchange rates on cross rate method based on the sterling rate schedule fixed and advised by FEDAI vis-à  -vis the previous days closing rates in London market. This department calculates and advised both the ready rates as well as forward rates as and when requested. Besides rate computation, it also look s after the foreign currency accounts of the bank and supervises the balancing position in foreign currency accounts maintained abroad. It also controls the exchange position of the department and reconciles the various entries put forth by other sections both for buying as well as selling of foreign exchange. In addition, the section also calculates and tabulates the statistical data required by the principal office of the bank concerned, as well as the Exchange Control Department of the Reserve Bank of India. Such statistics prepared by the bank are to be reported to the authorities on the prescribed forms at the prescribed intervals. This data is very essential and of prime important as the Balance of Trade and Balance of Payments position is arrived at only from the statistics provided by the banks. From the data available from the banks even the import policy is formed and other fiscal measure adopted by the monetary authorities from time to time depend. This section can be further sub-divided into following subsections: Rate calculation and advising Forward Exchange contracts Foreign currency Accounts Exchange position and control, and Reconciliation of Foreign Currency Accounts. 2. Foreign Remittances Section This section deals with the inward and outward remittances received in the country and sent outside, both on behalf of the transactions taken up by residents and non-residents. Foreign remittances are carried out in the form of cable transfers, mail transfers, demand drafts, travelers cheques and payment instructions by letters. All these forms are widely used both for inward remittances as well as outward remittances. The officer of this particular department has to be quite well-versed with various regulations in force from time to time and the amendments thereto as strict exchange control regulations are prevailing specially in case of outward remittances in developing and underdeveloped countries, due to the adverse balance of payments position, depleting foreign exchange reserves, and available resources required to meet with development programmes and national exigencies. This department also keeps Test Key arrangements used for transmitting the instructions by cable, as in cab le transfers no signature of the remitting bank is possible. So messages are computed with a particular number known as code or cipher. This code or cipher is recomputed at the other centre on the basis of the test arrangements exchanged between the two banks. In foreign exchange, whatever the reason may be irrespective of the amount, the entire gamut is focused around the inward and outward remittances and so this section is of prime importance. The remittances are converted into local currency in case of inward remittances and in foreign currency in case of outward remittances at the prevailing rate of exchange on the date of each transaction or a forward exchange rate if exchange rate if exchange is already booked earlier. So, the remittance department has to keep a close contact with Dealers section, both for getting the rates and also advising them the funds position which changes from time to time due to the remittances flowing in either direction. 3. Import Section Import section can be sub-divided into import letters of credit both opening and payment thereof, issue of Bid guarantees, performance guarantees and guarantees to Government agencies for release of import consignment, import documents received on collection basis and imports on consignment basis. Import section has to keep in touch with latest developments in international markets as well as the rules and regulations in force in various centres to take up the import business at right earnest without violating the rules and regulations. Both in developing and developed countries, there are Import and Export Trade Control Regulations and such regulations are enforced through a licensing procedure. Hence the Import section has to take care of the Import Trade Control Regulations as well as Exchange Control Regulations before allowing import transactions to be put through. 4. Export Section The section deals with various exchange operations arising out of export trade. The principal functions of this sub-section are: Advising and confirming letters of credit received from abroad: Extending financial assistance to exporters as and when required. Acting as an agent for collection on behalf of the clients; Negotiation of export bills drawn under letters of Credit whereby the dealer acts as an agent of overseas bank and facilitates smooth function/operation of international trade; and Acting as an authorized channel appointed by Central Banking Authority to receive the export proceeds. 5. Statistics Section This section collects the sales and purchase figures from various departments along with necessary exchange control forms, tabulates then and submits a periodical report by way of statements and returns to the Exchange Control Department of the Reserve Bank of India under whose authority it operates. This reports is also being submitted from time to time in one form or the other to the head office of the concerned bank to enable it to compile the overall position of the foreign exchange preferably of the bank as a whole. 2.2 Exchange Regulation in India Exchange Control Regulations were first introduced in our country on 3rd September, 1939 at the outbreak of World War II. The control was introduced under the guidelines of Bank of England and also as a measure under the Defence of India rules to conserve and augment the foreign exchange resources of India to meet the defence requirements for Britishers. It primary objective was to conserve the foreign exchange resources, which needed to be diversified due to changed circumstances. It was initially introduced as a temporary device to meet the emergency situation arisen due to Second World War. In May, 1944 the Defence of India Rules were lifted and all emergency provisions promulgated during the Defence of India Rules were ineffective. But the Government of India was not in a position to lift the Exchange Control Regulations due to the strain on the sterling balances; The Exchange Control Regulations were kept alive under a new law named as Emergency Provisions Continuance Act of 1994. The Exchange Control was put on a permanent Statute and the First Foreign Exchange Regulations Act came into existence on 25th March, 1947 as a full fledged foreign Exchange Regulations Act. The system of control adopted in 1947 was structurally identical to provisions laid down in 1939 at the inception of the control, but important changes in detail were introduced in FERA 1947 to meet the specific requirements of the situation and to protect the interests of independent India. The Foreign Exchange Regulations Act (FERA) of 1947 has now been replaced by the FERA, 1973. Basic structure of the Exchange Control Regulations is till not very much divergent that the earlier ones, but keeping in view the economic conditions and balance of payments positions, certain new provisions have been included and the control has been made more comprehensive. Under the Act of 1973, the Authorized Dealers have been given wider powers for releasing foreign exchange to the residents in India and a strict view has been taken of the non-resident interests. I) BROAD FEATURES OF EXCHANGE CONTROL There is an elaborate machinery to enforce Exchange Control Regulations in our country. The machinery comprises of the controller of the Exchange Control department of the Reserve Bank of India at the helm of affairs, which in turn has empowered the Banks dealing in foreign exchange to deal with general public for their foreign exchange requirements. This authority enforces the provisions of the Foreign Exchange Regulations Act and has the powers to deal with any infringement or violation of the provisions of the Act. II) THE FERA AND THE EXCHANGE CONTROL MANUAL All the provisions of the FERA have been transcribed in the banking terminology by the Reserve Bank of India to facilitate the day to day transactions between Reserve Bank, between the various dealers and the general public. Exchange control in India is administered by the Reserve Bank of India in accordance with the general policy laid down by the Union Government in consultation with the Reserve Bank. The Bank has an Exchange Control Department which is entrusted with this functions. Under the system, the Reserve Bank is authorized to license export of gold, silver, currency notes, securities, and a variety of other transactions involving the sue of foreign exchange. For foreign exchange transactions, which the general public conducts with the authorized dealers in foreign exchange, the Reserve Bank of India has laid down general instructions for the guidance of the latter. The directions cover all transactions relating to imports and exports, foreign travel payments, family maintenance remittances by foreign nationals, transfers of investment income, capital transfers by foreign and Indian Nationals and other invisible items. Some of these transactions particularly those pertaining to capital transfers, have to be referred by the authorized dealers to the Reserve Bank for its prior approval. Some remittances may, however, be made by the authorized dealers without prior approval of the Reserve Bank, such as those for foreign Nationals seeking to remit a part of their, earnings for the maintenance of their families abroad, provided the amounts are within limits specified by the Reserve Bank. The institutional framework of the exchange control system also compromised of a special machinery for enforcement and for dealing with any infringements of the provisions of the Act. The function is entrusted to the Directorate of Enforcement attached to the Union Ministry of Finance. The directorate deals with offenders who violate the control provisions and is authorized to take punitive action. It is also empowered to adjudicate in certain cases of infringement. III) Purchases and Sales by Authorized Dealers Authorized dealers purchase and sell foreign currencies in accordance with the regulations. Purchase: They purchase T.Ts., M.Ts., drafts, bill etc., freely from banks and the general public. The receipt of remittances from any country is free and banks are, therefore allowed to purchase freely. Purchase of foreign currencies is also done from their overseas branches and correspondents for the purpose of making rupee payments into non-resident accounts in India and also for making payments to residents. The authorized dealers and authorized moneychangers purchase foreign currency notes, coins, and travellers, cheques from travellers coming from abroad. The amounts purchased are endorsed on the reverse of the customs stamped currency declaration forms of the travellers. Foreign currency notes and coins are also purchased from other authorized dealers and money changers. Sales; Sales of foreign currency are made by authorized dealers subject to control regulations. No remittances may be made to countries advised from time to time and no transactions may be carried out with persons, firms or banks residents in those countries. For the purpose of sales persons, firms, and banks residents in Nepal are treated as non- residents. 2.3 Exchange Rate Mechanism in India India is a founder member of the IMF. It followed the fixed parity system till the early 1970s as a result which the value of the rupee in terms of gold was originally fixed as the equivalent of 0.268601 gram of fine gold. In view of Indias long economic and political relations with England and membership of the sterling area from September 1939 to June 1972, the rupee was pegged to the pound sterling. The exchange rate was thus remained unchanged but the gold content of the rupee fell to 0.186621 gram. Again, with the devaluation of the Indian rupee in June 1996 the gold content fell further to 0.118489 gram. The following year, the pound was also devalued. This devaluation did have an impact on the rupee pound link, but the rupee was kept stable in terms of the pound. The latter continued as an intervention currency. In August 1971 when the system of fixed parity was under a cloud, the rupee was briefly pegged to the US dollar at Rs. 7.50/US $ and this continued till December 1971. The peg to the dollar was not very effective as the pound sterling remained to continue as the intervention currency. In December 1971, the rupee returned to the sterling peg at a parity of Rs. 18.9677/ £ with of course , a margin of  ±2.2 S percent. After the Smithsonian arrangement had failed and the pound had began to float, the rupee tended to depreciate. The reserve Bank then had to delink it from the pound sterling in September 1975 and link it with a basket of five currencies; but the pound sterling was retained as the intervention currency for fixing the external value of the rupee. The weight of different currencies forming the basket remained confidential and the exchange rate continued to be administered. The administered rate did not keep pace with the growing rate of inflation and this resulted in a widening gap between the real and the nominal exchange rates that was more evident during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Thus, when economic reforms were initiated in the country, the rupee was depreciated by around 20 percent in two successive instalments in the first weeks of July 1991. In absolute terms, depreciation occurred from Rs. 21.201/US $ to Rs. 25.80 /US $ From March 1992 a dual exchange rate system was introduced, in terms of which 40 percent of export earnings were to be converted at the official exchange rate prescribed by the Reserve Bank and the remaining 60 percent were to be converted at market determined rates. The US dollar was he intervention currency. From March 1993 the receipts on merchandise trade account and some of the items of invisible trade account came to be convertible entirely at the market determined rates on all items of current account. The adoption of the unified exchange rate system form March 1993 means adoption of a floating-rate regime, but it is a managed floating and the reserve Bank of India intervenes in the foreign exchange market in order to influence the value of the rupee. In the first two years, the value of the rupee remained stable but the onward, it has been depreciating despite RBIs intervention. 2.4 Management of Exchange Risk Risk Hedging tools in Forex Market In recent years financial markets have developed many new products whose popularity has become phenomenal. Measured in terms of trading volume, the growth of these products principally futures and options has confused traditional investors. Although active markets in futures and options contracts for physicals commodities have only recently attracted Internet. Multinational Companies normally use the spot and forward markets for international transactions. They also use currency futures, currency options, and currency futures options for various corporate functions. While speculators trade currencies in these three markets for profit, multilingual companies use them to cover open positions in foreign currencies. 2.4 (a) Forward contract Forward Exchange Forward exchange is a device to protect traders against risk arising out of fluctuations in exchange rates. A trader, who has to make or receive payment in foreign currency at the end of a given period, may find at the time of payment or receipt that the foreign currency has appreciated or depreciated. Ifthe currency moves down or gets depreciated the trader will be att a loss as he will get lesser units of home currency for a given amount of foreign currency, which he was holding. Similarly, an importer, who was contracted to make payment of a given amount in pound sterling at the end of a given period, may find that at the time of payment, the rupee sterling rate is higher. He would then have to pay more in rupees than what it would have been at the time when the contract was made. To protect traders against such risks of appreciation and getting lesser amount of home currency, there is a device in exchange market of booking forward exchange contracts. The emergence of forward exchange contracts has been due to the rate fluctuations and possible losses that the traders might have to suffer in their foreign exchange business. The forward exchange transaction is an umbrella which gives protection to the dealers against the adverse movement of exchange rates. The forward exchange market in fact came into existence when the exchange rates were highly unstable following the abandonment of the gold standard by most of the countries at the end of first and Second World Wars. There are other means of taking care of the risks of the adverse effects of the exchange rate fluctuations such as including the Escalation Clause in the sale and purchase contracts entered between the buyers and sellers or fixing a parity rate between the home currency and foreign currency and an y variation in the fixed parity entered into between the importers and exporters, the exchange risks will be passed on as per the terms of the contract. Escalation clause is more adaptable in contracts amounting to a very large volume,. especially in contracts entered into on deferred payment terms. Forward Exchange Contracts Under option forward exchange contracts, the customers has an option to receive or deliver the contract